The impact of sensorimotor training on physical fitness in older women with diabetes: a pilot study

Aging and diabetes mellitus (DM) are associated with declines in physical fitness, such as reduced muscle strength, balance, and flexibility, increasing the risk of falls and functional limitations. This pilot study used a quasi-experimental design with pre- and post-intervention assessments to evaluate the effects of a 6-month sensorimotor training (SMT) program on physical fitness in older women with type 2 diabetes. Ten women aged 65 and older were divided into an intervention group (IG, n = 5) and a control group (CG, n = 5). The IG participated in a twice-weekly SMT program, while the CG maintained their usual routines. Physical fitness was assessed at baseline and after 24 weeks using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test for agility and dynamic balance; the 30-second sit-to-stand test for lower limb strength; the arm curl test for upper limb strength; and the sit-and-reach and back scratch tests for lower and upper limb flexibility, respectively. The IG showed significant improvements in agility (TUG, p = 0.020), lower limb flexibility (sit-and-reach, p = 0.049), and upper limb flexibility on the left side (back scratch, p = 0.023) compared to the CG. Both groups improved in lower limb strength (p = 0.330), while upper limb strength showed no significant changes (p = 0.166). Although the CG also improved in some measures, the IG achieved greater functional gains. These results suggest that SMT enhances neuromuscular control, proprioception, and flexibility—key factors in reducing fall risk and improving independence in older adults with diabetes. SMT appears to be a promising intervention to support physical function, balance, and quality of life in this population. Trial registration Clinical trial registry 01/09/2021. Clinical trial number: NCT05398354. Trial Name: Active Retirement: Effects of the Application of a Training Program.