Fractionation of Olive Mill By-Products and Effluents for Circular Biorefineries

Although olive mill by-products and effluents (OMBP) are commonly regarded as potential environmental liabilities, they contain constituents that may offer recovery potential. This study proposes an integrated scheme combining dry (filtration, milling and sieving) and wet (distillation) fractionation, as well as thermochemical (carbonisation) processes, to stabilise and convert OMBP into solid and liquid fractions for potential applications. Mass and energy balances were established and the resulting products characterised. A preliminary technical and economic feasibility assessment was also conducted. The findings suggest that such an integrated valorisation framework could be implemented at local olive oil production sites. This could reduce resource losses (e.g., water and energy) and transport-related emissions while supporting local development opportunities.