Separation-related problems in dogs: Influence of caregiver characteristics and fear/anxiety

Separation-related problems (SRPs) are among the most prevalent behavioral disorders in companion dogs, with negative consequences for the welfare of both dogs and their caregivers. This cross-sectional study focused primarily on caregiver-related characteristics influencing SRPs, followed by the role of fear/anxiety behaviors in dogs. Initial correlation analyses were conducted, and variables significantly associated with SRPs were included in multiple linear regression models to identify the most relevant predictors from a broad set of factors. The results underscore the role of interpersonal dynamics and fear/anxiety. Caregiver stress, emotional closeness to the dog, more positive attitudes towards aversive training methods, and co-sleeping emerged as risk factors, collectively explaining 8.7% of the variance in SRPs. When fear/anxiety was added to the model, the explained variance increased, with the final model accounting for 15% of the variability in this behavioral disorder. In contrast to previous notions that an inadequate dog–caregiver relationship stems from avoidant attachment, the findings suggest that excessive emotional closeness on the part of the caregiver may be a more relevant factor. Future studies should aim to include additional variables in the model (e.g., unpredictable routines, previous kennel stays) to increase its explanatory power.