Urinary tract bacterial infections in small animal practice: clinical and epidemiological aspects

The urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common disease in dogs and cats, and it can occur as isolated infections or recurrently. Recurrent cases are particularly common in cases with underlying health conditions. The diagnosis of UTIs in dogs and cats generally involves an integrated interpretation of clinical signs, urinalysis, and bacterial cultures. Diagnostic imaging can also help assessing or discarding anatomical lesions. One of the many microorganisms that can cause UTIs is Escherichia coli. Females, geriatric patients, and animals with comorbidities usually have an increased risk of UTI. Antimicrobial prescription is common for the treatment of UTIs in companion animals. However, nowadays, there is a growing concern about antimicrobial resistance due to over-prescription driving selection for resistance. Therefore, correct prescription and appropriate patient management are essential. This review aims to provide a summary of the clinical and epidemiological aspects of UTIs, contributing to improving veterinary practices and antibiotic prescription in the context of UTIs in companion animals.